3.0V Sodium battery
The 3.0V sodium battery is a promising new - type power source. The special combination of electrode materials and electrolytes improves its safety. It has a long cycle life. After a large number of charge - discharge cycles, it can still maintain a relatively high capacity retention rate, so it offers high cost - effectiveness. Sodium batteries have obvious cost advantages. With a low self - discharge rate, they can store electricity for a long time. Besides, they perform stably under low - temperature conditions. These features enable it to provide stable and reliable power support for low - speed vehicles, field - monitoring sensors and so on.
Differences Between Sodium Battery and Lithium?
Sodium - ion batteries have a cost - advantage. Sodium is abundant and inexpensive, so large - scale production cuts costs. They perform well in cold, with stable charging and discharging. Their special materials and design also prevent thermal runaway, making them safe. But they have a low energy density, around 100 - 160 Wh/kg, so endurance is poor.
Lithium - ion batteries have a high energy density, usually 180 - 300 Wh/kg. This meets the range and weight - saving needs of electric vehicles and high - end electronics. They also have a long cycle life, 2000 - 5000 cycles. However, lithium is scarce and unevenly distributed, driving up costs. Some can thermally run away in high heat or overcharging.
In the future, these two battery types will likely complement each other in various applications.
What are the Bottlenecks in Boosting the Energy Density of Sodium - Ion Batteries?
1. Materials: Large sodium ions diffuse slowly, hampering storage and transmission, thus limiting energy density improvement.
2. Electrode stability: Positive electrodes change structure during charge - discharge, while negative electrodes expand in volume.
3. Electrolyte performance: Low - mobility sodium ions and unstable electrolytes under high voltage decompose, raising internal resistance and restricting energy density and charge - discharge rates.
4. Manufacturing process: Immature production processes and imperfect material supply hold back large - scale production.
In the future, new materials, interface engineering optimization, and industrial chain collaboration can help break through these bottlenecks.